Journal of Advanced Materials in Engineering

Journal of Advanced Materials in Engineering

Studying the Effect of Reduced Graphene Oxide on the Microstructure and Biomechanical Properties of Akermanite Ceramics

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Farzad Malamir 1
Mahdi Kalantar 1
Mojdeh Azizi 2
Masoud Moshrafifar 1
1 Faculty of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Yazd University, Iran
2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Art University, Yazd, Iran
10.47176/jame.45.3.1131
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: Ceramics based calcium silicate such as Akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) are suitable bioactive materials for bone tissue engineering applications. However, they suffer from poor mechanical properties. So, additives like graphene or its derivatives are used. In this regard, in this study, reduced graphene oxide (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by weight) has been employed as a reinforcement.
Materials and Methods: The mixture of raw materials (akermanite and reduced graphene oxide to the desired ratio) went through various preparation stages followed by sintering process and finally, the sintered samples were characterized.
Results: By increasing the weight percentage of reduced graphene oxide from zero (control sample) to 1.5 wt. %, a decrease in relative density from 94.9% to 89.3% and a reduction in compressive strength from 13 to 8 Mpa was observed. Toughness increased from 1.9 for the control sample to 4.2 for the 1 wt.% sample, it decreased to 2.7 MPa.m1/2 for a 1.5 wt.% sample, though. Similarly, the hardness increased from 435 for the control sample to 588 Vickers for the 1 wt.% sample, and decreased to 308 Vickers for the 1.5 wt.% sample.
Conclusion: Among the composite specimens, the most homogeneous microstructure was related to the 1 wt.% sample with the highest mechanical properties (toughness and hardness). Graphene oxide not only does not prevent the formation of the apatite layer, but also encourages the formation of dense and fine apatite deposits on the surface of the composite sample.
Keywords
Reduced graphene oxide
Akermanite
Composite
Microstructure
Mechanical and biological properties
Subjects
1. Shackelford JF. Bioceramics (1-Advanced ceramics). New Jersey: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group; 1999.
2. Mortazavi WAS, Fathi MH. Introduction to biomaterials. 2nd ed. Isfahan: Arkan Publications; 2002. p. 344.
3. Xiong K, Wu T, Fan, Q, Chen, L, Yan, M. Novel reduced graphene oxide/zinc silicate/ calcium silicate. electroconductive biocomposite for stimulating osteoporotic bone regeneration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017;9(51):1-41. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16206
4. Wu C, Chang J. Synthesis and apatite-formation ability of akermanite. Mater Lett. 2004;58(19):2415-2417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.02.039
5. Mojtaba A, Farzad M, Amir S. Preparation and characterization of akermanite/merwinite scaffolds for bone tissue repair. J Biomim Biomater Biomed Eng. 2020;44:73-81. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBBE.44.73
6. Bhatkar VB, Bhatkar NV. Combustion synthesis and photoluminescence study of silicate biomaterials. Bull Mater Sci. 2011;34:1281-1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-011-0166-5
7. Wu C, Chang J, Zhai W, Ni S, Wang J. Porous akermanite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro studies. J Biomed Mater Res - Part B Appl Biomater. 2006;78(1):47-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30456
8. Ducheyne P, Hastings GW. Metal and ceramic biomaterials. Vol. 1: Structure. New Jersey: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group; 1984.
9. Fariborz T, Caleb A, Keivan D. Synthesis, characterization and formation mechanisms of nanocrystalline akermanite powder. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;11:792-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.021
10. Mehrali M, Moghaddam E, Shirazi SFS, Baradaran S, Latibari ST. Synthesis, mechanical properties, and in vitro biocompatibility with osteoblasts of calcium silicate–reduced graphene oxide composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014;6(6):3947-62. https://doi.org/10.1021/am500845x
11. Liu XY, Ding CX, Chu PK. Mechanism of apatite formation on wollastonite coatings in simulated body fluids. Biomaterials 2004;25(10):1755−1761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.024
12. Najafinezhad A, Abdellahi M, Ghayour H, Soheily A, Chami A, Khandan A. A comparative study on the synthesis mechanism, bioactivity and mechanical properties of three silicate bioceramics. Mater Sci Eng C 2017;72:259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.084
13. Pei F, Chengde G, Cijun Sh, Shuping P. Toughening and strengthening mechanisms of porous akermanite scaffolds reinforced with nano-titania. RSC Adv 2015;5:3498-3507. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12095G
14. Arastouei M, Khodaei M, Atyabi SM,, Jafari Nodoushan M. Poly lactic acid-akermanite composite scaffolds prepared by fused filament fabrication for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Res Technol. 2020;9( 6): 14540-14548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.10.036
15. Seyma D, Büsra B. Effect of akermanite powders on mechanical properties and bioactivity of chitosan-based scaffolds produced by 3D-bioprinting. Ceram Int. 2021;47:13912–13921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.258
16. Wu C, Chang J, Ni S, Wang J. In vitro bioactivity of akermanite ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006;76(1):73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.258
17. Ghadiri S, Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi A. Synthesis and characterization of nanoporous calcium magnesium silicate and assessment of the calcination temperature effect on its drug delivery behavior. J Adv Mater Eng. 1397;37(1):69-82. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.29252/jame.37.1.69
18. Liu XY, Ding CX, Wang, ZY. Apatite formed on the surface of plasma-sprayed coating immersed in simulated body fluid. Biomaterials 2001;22(14):2007-2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00386-0
19. Walker LS, Marotto VR, Rafiee MA, Koratkar N, Corral EL. Toughening in graphene ceramic composites. ACS Nano 2011;5(4):3182–3190. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200319d
20. Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GHB, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 2006;442(7100):282–286. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04969
21. Bódis E, Tapasztó O, Károly Z, Fazekas P, Klébert S, Keszler A, et al. Spark plasma sintering of Si3N4/multilayer graphene composites. Open Chem. 2015;13:484–489. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2015-0064
22. Liu J, Yang Y, Hasssinin H, Jumbu N, Deng S, Zuo Q, et al. Graphene-alumina nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties for biomedical applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015;8(4):2607-2616. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b10424
23. Nair M, Nancy D, Krishnan AG, Anjusree GS, Vadukumpully S. Graphene oxide nanoflakes incorporated gelatin–hydroxyapatite scaffolds enhance osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Nanotech. 2015;26:161-171. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/16/161001
24. Hedayati F, Jalaly M, Mohammadi S, Mousavi-Khoshdel SM. Synthesis of Co3O4/RGO nanocomposite and investigation of its electrochemical properties for supercapacitor applications. J Adv Mater Eng. 1402;42(4):45-59. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.47176/jame.42.4.1039
25. Rouhi N, Hassanpoor S. Synthesis of template free morphology controlled α-MnO2 nanorod and electrochemical capacitive study of its RGO nanocomposite. J Adv Mater Eng. 1402;42(3):31-48. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.47176/jame.42.3.1032
26. Atashgar K, Masoudi R. Radar evasion control of military structures using graphene oxide coating RGO/NiFe2O4 and polynomial profile Monitoring. J Adv Mater Eng. 1401;41(4):61-74. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.47176/jame.41.4.1009
27. Ghobadi N, Hosseini Moradi SA, Amirzade M. Synthesis and structural, magnetic, and electromagnetic characterization of cobalt ferrite/ reduced graphene oxide composite. J Adv Mater Eng. 1400;40(4):69-83. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.47176/jame.40.4.23402
28. Aram R, Rasoul R. Changing the wettability of graphene oxide layer using photocatalytic reduction. Iran J Phys Res. 2016,16 (1):19-25. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijpr.16.1.19
 
 
Journal of Advanced Materials in Engineering
Volume 45, Issue 3
Summer 2026
Pages 21-37

تحت نظارت وف بومی