Investigating the Effect of Ball Milling and Heating Processes on the Phase Changes of an Iranian Type of Bauxite

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Materials Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

Abstract

The bauxite samples were prepared from the resources of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. The chemical and mineralogical compositions were determined after crushing of the specimens. The ball milling of the bauxite samples was done via a planetary ball mill in both steel and zirconia cups.  The isothermal heating was performed in the temperature range of 600-1000˚C for one hour under the air atmosphere. The boehmite phase was observed as the major mineral in the XRD patterns of the bauxite sample. The calcination (dehydration) temperature of the bauxite sample containing boehmite mineral was determined at ~540˚C using STA analysis. The boehmite phase of the bauxite sample was decomposed into aluminum oxide after heating, and the weight loss of the heated products caused by this phase transition was in the range of L.O.I in the chemical analysis. After heating of the milled bauxite samples at 800˚C, the traces of aluminum oxide were detected in the XRD patterns. The overlapping of the major peaks of aluminum oxide and magnetite phase in the XRD patterns was the reason to perform the VSM analysis. The VSM results confirmed the signs of a magnetic phase in the as-milled bauxite samples. The results of this research indicated that either the presence of iron impurities due to the abrasion of the chamber wall and the balls during the milling of the bauxite sample in the steel cup or the presence of the ferrous iron in the bauxite sample could be the origin of the magnetic sings. These items are also the main reasons for appearance of the magnetite phase.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Alp A, Aydin AO. The Investigation of efficient conditions for alumina production from diasporic bauxite. Can Metall Q. 2002; 41(1): 41-46. https:// doi. org/ 10.1179/cmq.2002.41.1.41.
  2. Sellaeg H, Kolbeinsen L, Safarian, J. Iron separation from bauxite through smelting-reduction process. Light Metals, The Miner, Metals and Mater Soc. 2017: 127-135. doi.10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_19.
  3. Gupta, Ch.K. Chemical Metallurgy, Principles and Practice, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; 2003.
  4. Navab Tehrani T. Metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. Publication by Sharif University of Technology. First edition; 2013(In Persian).
  5. Paspaliaris Y, Tsolakis Y. Reaction Kinetics for the Leaching of Iron Oxides in Diasporic Bauxite from the Parnassus-Giona Zone (Greece) by Hydrochloric Acid. Hydromet. 1987; 19: 259-266. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0304386X(87)90010-7.
  6. Patermarakis G, YANNIS Paspaliaris Y. The Leaching of Iron Oxides in Boehmitic Bauxite by Hydrochloric Acid. Hydromet. 1989; 23: 77-90. https://doi.org/101016/034386X(89)90019-4.
  7. Reddy BR, Mishra SK, Banerjee GN. Kinetics of leaching of a gibbsitic bauxite with hydrochloric acid. Hydromet. 1999; 51: 131–138. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0304386X(98)00075-9.
  8. Zhao A, Zhang T-an, Guozhi Lv, Tian W. Kinetics of the Leaching Process of an Australian Gibbsitic Bauxite by Hydrochloric Acid. Adv in Mater Sci and Eng. 2016; 2016: 5813542. http://doi.org.10.1155/ 2016/5813542.
  9. Zhao A-ch, Liu, Y, Zhang T-an, Lu G-zh, Dou Zh-h. Thermodynamics study on leaching process of gibbsitic bauxite by hydrochloric acid. Trans. Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2013; 23: 266−270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S10036326(13)62455-3.
  10. Valeev D, Denis Psnkratov D, Andrei Shoppert A, Sokolov A, Kasikov A, Mikhailova, A, Salaza-Concha C, Rodionov I. Mechanism and kinetics of iron extraction from high silica boehmite−kaolinite bauxite by hydrochloric acid leaching. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2021; 31: 3128−3149. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65721-7.
  11. Rao RB. Effect of thermal pretreatment on grindability and upgradation of bauxite for refractory applications. Light Metals TMS Annual Meeting. 2002; 205-208.
  12. Banerjee GN. Deironation of bauxite by gaseous reduction and magnetic separation for refractory uses. Trans. of the Indian Inst. of Metals (India). 2000; 53(4-5): 527-529.
  13. RaJ D, Harchand KS, Aggarwal K, Taneja SP. High temperature transformation of Iron Minerals in bauxite. Hyperfine Interact. 2004; 153(1); 153-158.
  14. Gu F, Li, G, Peng Zh, Luo J, Deng B, Rao M, Zhang Y, Jiang T. Upgrading Diasporic Bauxite Ores for Iron and Alumina Enrichment Based on Reductive Roasting. JOM. 2018; 70(9): The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. doi:10.1007/s11837-018-3000-3.
  15. Moazemi Goodarzi M, Rezaei B, Amini A.  Iron removal studies of low grade diasporic bauxite by using thermochemical treatment. Sci Q J . 2007; 16(63): 72-76 (In Persian). https://doi.org/ 10.22071/gsj.2008.58442.
  16. Yahyazameh M, Kavanlouei M, Shahbaz M, Beygi-Khosrowshahi Y. Evaluating the effect of milling time on the microstructural changes and phase analysis of Mg3Zn powder synthesized by mechanical alloying. J Adv Mater (Esteghlal) 2023; 42(1): 45-57 (In Persian). https://doi.org/ 10.47176/jame. 42.1.1016.
  17. Omidi  Z, Bakhsi SR, Ghasemi A. Effect of mechanical milling treatment and reaction temperature on the fabrication of silicon nitride. J of Adv Mat Eng. (Esteghlal) 2015; 33(3): 51-59 (In Persian).
  18. Setoudeh N.  Effect of high-energy milling on the formation temperature of the resultant phases in Al/Al2O3/ZrSiO4 J Adv Mater Eng (Esteghlal), 2013; 32(2): 77-89 (In Persian).
  19. Setoudeh N, Nosrati A, Welham NJ. Lithium extraction from mechanically activated of petalite-Na2SO4 mixtures after isothermal heating. Miner Eng. 2020; 15: 106294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. mineng.2020;106294.
  20. Setoudeh N, Nosrati A Welham NJ. Lithium recovery from mechanically activated mixtures of lepidolite and sodium sulfate. Miner Process Ext Metall.. 2021; 130(4):354-361. https://doi.org/10. 1080/ 25726641.2019.1649112.
  21. McCormick PG, Picaro T, Smith PAI. Mechanochemical treatment of high silica bauxite with lime. Miner Eng. 2002; 15: 211–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S08926875(01)00207-2.
  22. Fernanda ANGS, Carla NB, Rachel DS, Diego SG de Almeida, João AS, Marta. EM, Francisco M.S G. Mechanochemical activation of bauxite. Light Metals. In: Carlos E S, editor.TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society; 2012, p.27-32.
  23. Kumar A, Agrawal S, Dhawan N. Mechano-Chemical Processing of Diaspore Sample for Extraction and Synthesis of Gamma-Alumina and Potash Values. JOM. 2020: 72(10): The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11837-020-04222-4.
  24. Deer WA, Howie RA, Zussman J. An Introduction to the Rock forming Minerals. Longman Scientific Technical, Seventeenth inspersion,; 1991.
  25. Boehmite, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boehmite>; 2023 [Free accessed].
  26. Diaspore, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspore>; 2023 [Free accessed].
  27. HSC, Version 6.12, Outotec Research Oy, 1974-2007.
  28. Kloprogge JT, Ruan HD, Frost RL. Thermal decomposition of bauxite minerals: infrared emission spectroscopy of gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore. J. Mater Sci. 2002; 37(6): 1121 – 1129. doi:10.1023/ A:1014303119055.
  29. Samouhos M, Angelopoulos P, Pilatos G, Taxiarchou M, Papageorgiou S. Kinetic study of non-isothermal decomposition of a composite diasporic-boehmitic bauxite. 3rd International Conference on Competitive Materials and Technology Processes (IC-CMTP3), IOP Conf. Series: Mater Sci Eng.. 2016; 123: 012048. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/123/1/012048.
  30. Suryanarayana C. Mechanical alloying and milling. First ed. New York:Marcel Dekker; 2004 [chapter 7] ., U.S.A., 2004.
  31. Mineralogy Database, <https://www.webmineral.com /Mineralogy Database/>;2024 [Free accessed].
  32. Ehrambaf L, Setoudeh N, Askari Zamani MA, Hayati R. Synthesis of strontium titanate from celestite concentrate. J New Mater, 2019; 10(37): 105-118 (In Persian).
  33. Sulistyaningsih T, Santosa SJ, Siswanta D, Rusdiarso B. Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetites Obtained from Mechanically and Sonochemically Assissted Co-precipitation and Reverse Co-precipitation Methods. International J Mater, Mech 2017; 5(1): 16-19. doi: 10.18178/ ijmmm.2017.5.1.280
  34. Hadadian Y, Masoomi H, Dinari A, Ryu Ch, Hwang S, Kim S, ki Cho B, Young Lee J, Yoon J. From Low to High Saturation Magnetization in Magnetite Nanoparticles: The Crucial Role of the Molar Ratios Between the Chemicals. ACS Omega. 2022; 7: 15996−16012. http://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c01136.

 

Journal of Advanced Materials in Engineering (Esteghlal)
Volume 42, Issue 4
March 2024
Pages 61-76

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics

ارتقاء امنیت وب با وف ایرانی