مواد پیشرفته در مهندسی

مواد پیشرفته در مهندسی

سنتز شیمیایی تر و ارزیابی کاتدی نانوذرات پروسکایتی فریت لانتانوم آلایش‌یافته با کلسیم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
دانشکده مهندسی مواد و متالورژی دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
مقدمه و اهداف: توسعه کاتدهای پایدار برای پیل‌های سوختی اکسید جامد با دمای عملکرد میانی چالشی مهم است. پروسکایت فریت لانتانوم آلایش یافته با کلسیم La1-xCaxFeO3-δ، به‌دلیل رسانایی دوگانه و پایداری مناسب و امکان بهبود ویژگی‌های ساختاری، گزینه‌ای امیدوارکننده برای کاتدهای پیل سوختی اکسید جامد محسوب می‌شود. بااین‌حال، سنتز فاز تک‌فاز آن معمولا به دما و زمان بالایی نیاز دارد. هدف این پژوهش، سنتز فاز خالص La1-xCaxFeO3-δ با استفاده از روش همرسوبی در حداقل دما و زمان ممکن است.
مواد و روش‌ها: پودر کاتدی La0.65Ca0.35FeO3-δ، به‌روش همرسوبی سنتز و پس از خشک‌سازی، در دماهای مختلف کلسینه شد. سپس پودر بهینه برای ساخت سلول‌های متقارن پیل روی الکترولیت زیرکونیای پایدارشده با ایتریا با لایه بافر سریای آلاییده‌شده با گادولینیوم به‌کار رفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج آنالیزحرارتی هم‌زمان و پراش پرتو ایکس، تشکیل کامل فاز پروسکایتی ارتورومبیک را در دمای حدود 700 درجه سانتی‌گراد نشان داد. طیف‌سنجی تبدیل فوریه فروسرخ نیز حذف کامل گروه‌های نیترات و شکل‌گیری پیوندهای فلزی–اکسیژنی را تأیید کرد. تصاویر میکروسکوپی الکترونی روبشی گسیل میدانی، ذرات نانومتری با اندازه متوسط nm 26/57 را نشان دادند. ضریب انبساط حرارتی نمونه بهینه 11/3308×10-6 °C⁻¹ با الکترولیت‌های رایج سازگار بود. آزمون‌های طیف‌سنجی امپدانس الکتروشیمیایی نیز کمترین مقاومت اهمی و پلاریزاسیون را در دمای 800 درجه سانتی‌گراد، به‌ترتیب Ω·cm² 1/439 و Ω·cm² 0/242 نشان دادند.
نتیجه‌گیری: روش همرسوبی امکان سنتز موفق پودر La0.65Ca0.35FeO3-δ با خلوص فازی بالا، ریزساختار نانومتری و عملکرد الکتروشیمیایی مناسب را در شرایط بهینه فراهم کرد که این ترکیب را به گزینه‌ای کارآمد و کم‌هزینه برای تولید پیل سوختی اکسید جامد تبدیل می‌کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Wet-Chemical Synthesis and Cathodic Evaluation of Calcium-Doped Lanthanum Ferrite Perovskite Nanoparticles

نویسندگان English

Maryam Akbari Aghdam
Mahdi Darab
Rouholah Ashiri
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Introduction and Objectives: The development of stable cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells remains a significant challenge. The perovskite oxide La1-xCaxFeO3-δ is considered a promising cathode candidate due to its favorable mixed ionic–electronic conductivity and stability, and the possibility of tailoring its structural properties. However, the synthesis of single-phase La1-xCaxFeO3-δ typically requires high calcination temperatures and long processing times. The present study aims to synthesize phase-pure La1-xCaxFeO3-δ using a co-precipitation method at the lowest possible temperature and shortest processing time.
Materials and Methods: La0.65Ca0.35FeO3-δ cathode powder was synthesized via a co-precipitation route and subsequently calcined at various temperatures after drying. The optimized powder was then employed in the fabrication of symmetric fuel cells deposited on Yttria-stabilized Zirconia electrolytes with a Gadolinium-Doped Ceria buffer layer.
Results: Simultaneous thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed complete formation of the orthorhombic perovskite phase (Pnma) at approximately 700 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the complete removal of nitrate group and the formation of metal–oxygen bonds. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images showed a nanostructured morphology with an average particle size of 26.57 nm. The optimized sample exhibited a thermal expansion coefficient of 11.33×10⁻⁶ C⁻¹, which is compatible with common electrolytes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed the minimum values for the ohmic and polarization resistances to be 1.439 Ω·cm² and 0.242 Ω·cm², respectively, at 800 °C.
Conclusion: The co-precipitation method was found to be effective for synthesizing phase-pure La0.65Ca0.35FeO3-δ with a desirable nanostructure and appropriate electrochemical properties, thus serving as an efficient and cost-effective alternative for the preparation of solid oxide fuel cells catalyst.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Solid oxide fuel cell, Lanthanum ferrite, Calcium doping, Co-precipitation, La0.65Ca0.35FeO3-&‌delta
1.     Talukdar A, Chakrovorty A, Sarmah P, Paramasivam P, Kumar V, Yadav SK, et al. A review on solid oxide fuel cell technology: An efficient energy conversion system. Int J Energy Res. 2024;2024(1):6443247. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6443247
2.     Yousaf M, Lu Y, Akbar M, Lei L, Jing S, Tao Y. Advances in solid oxide fuel cell technologies: lowering the operating temperatures through material innovations. Mater Today Energy 2024;44:101633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2024.101633
3.     Li J, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Nasr M, Farghali M, et al. Advancements in solid oxide fuel cell technology: bridging performance gaps for enhanced environmental sustainability. Adv Energy and Sustain Res.2024;5(11):2400132. https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202470043
4.     Yadav AK, Sinha S, Kumar A. Advancements in composite cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells: A comprehensive review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2024;59:1080–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.124
5.     Jafari M, Farsani FY, Grimm F. Calcium (Ca) substitution for strontium (Sr) in La₀. ₅₈Sr₀. ₄Co₀. ₂Fe₀.₈O₃−δ: Stability and electrochemical performance in IT-SOFC cathodes. Electrochim Acta 2025;518: 145662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.145662
6.     Samreen A, Ali MS, Huzaifa M, Ali N, Hassan B, Ullah F, et al. Advancements in perovskite‐based cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells: a comprehensive review. Chem Rec. 2024;24(1): 202300247. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202300247
7.     Hou Y, Wang L, Bian L, Zhang Q, Chen L, Chou K chih. Effect of high-valence elements doping at B site of La0. 5Sr0. 5FeO3-δ. Ceram Int. 2022;48(3):4223–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.10.214
8.     Yamaguchi Y, Kagomiya I, Minami S, Shimada H, Sumi H, Ogura Y, et al. La0. 65Ca0. 35FeO3-δ as a novel Sr-and Co-free cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells. J Power Sources 2020;448:227426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227426
9.     Song J, Zhu S, Ning D, Bouwmeester HJM. Defect chemistry and transport properties of perovskite-type oxides La₁₋ₓCaₓFeO₃₋δ. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9:974-989. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07508f
10. Song J, Ning D, Bouwmeester HJM. Influence of alkaline-earth metal substitution on structure, electrical conductivity and oxygen transport properties of perovskite-type oxides La0.6A0.4FeO3−δ (A = Ca, Sr and Ba). Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2020;22(21):11984–95. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00247j
11. Yang L, Li Y, Hou Z, Shi C, Zhang G, Zeng F, et al. La1−xCaxFeO3−δ air electrode fabricated by glycine-nitrate combustion method for solid oxide electrolysis cell. Ceram Int. 2021;47(22):32318–23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.127
12. Gerasimov EY, Isupova LA, Tsybulya SV. Microstructural features of the La1−xCaxFeO3−δ solid solutions prepared via Pechini route. Mater Res Bull. 2015;70:291–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.04.041
13. Ahmed MA, El-Dek SI. Extraordinary role of Ca2+ ions on the magnetization of LaFeO3 orthoferrite. Mater Sci Eng B 2006;128(1):30–3.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2005.11.013
14. Barbero BP, Gamboa JA, Cadús LE. Synthesis and characterisation of La1−xCaxFeO3−δ perovskite-type oxide catalysts for total oxidation of volatile organic compounds. Appl Catal B 2006;65(1):21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.11.018
15. Jiménez R, Zamora R, Pecchi G, García X, Gordon AL. Effect of Ca-substitution in La1−xCaxFeO3−δ  perovskites on the catalytic activity for soot combustion. Fuel Process Technol. 2010;91(5):546–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.12.017
16. Kagomiya I, Murayama T, Tsunekawa K, Kakimoto K, Ogura Y. Crystalline phases and oxygen permeation properties of mixed conductive (La, Ca) FeO3-δ. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2019;39(4):1082–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.12.018
17. Jiang W, Cheng L, Gao J, Zhang S, Wang H, Jin Z, et al. Preparation of crystalline LaFeO3 nanoparticles at low calcination temperature: Precursor and synthesis parameter effects. Materials 2021;14(19):5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195534
18. Maou A, Gouitaa N, Lamcharfi TD, Kandri NI. Effect of calcination temperature on the stability of the perovskite materials–study of structural and morphological properties. Ecol Eng Environ Technol. 2023;24(8)1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.environ.2023.234211
19. Micu-Budisteanu M. Preparation and characterization of (La, Ca, Sr)(Fe, Co) O3-δ cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells. Master thesis, Montan University; 2021.
20. Kouhi PH, Darab M, Ashiri R. Efficient and cost-effective synthesis pathway for obtaining porous La1−xCaxFeO3−δ material through a modified sol-gel route. Ceram Int. 2024;50(15):26938–48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.04.425
21. Kucharczyk B, Winiarski J, Szczygieł I, Adamska K. Physicochemical properties of LaFeO3 perovskite prepared by various methods and its activity in the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2020;59(38):16603–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/chemres.2020.11.011
22. Navas D, Fuentes S, Castro-Alvarez A, Chavez-Angel E. Review on sol-gel synthesis of perovskite and oxide nanomaterials. Gels 2021;7(4):275.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gels.2021.11.074
23. Salavati-Niasari M, Shakouri-Arani M, Davar F. Flexible ligand synthesis, characterization and catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane with host (nanocavity of zeolite-Y)/guest (Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes of tetrahydro-salophen) nanocomposite materials. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2008;116(1–3):77–85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.03.019
24. Amiri M, Salavati-Niasari M, Akbari A, Gholami T. Removal of malachite green (a toxic dye) from water by cobalt ferrite silica magnetic nanocomposite: herbal and green sol-gel autocombustion synthesis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2017;42(39):24846–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.021
25. Dahan M, Fadeev L, Hayun H, Gozin M, Gelbstein Y, Rosen BA. Influence of the La0. 2Sr0. 7Ti0. 95Ni0. 05O3(LSTN) synthesis method on SOFC anode performance. Catalysts 2024;14(1):79.
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14010079
26. Badruhisham SH, Bahari AMS, Biyamin SA, Arifin NA, Peng NG. Wet chemical synthesis of anode reforming layer in solid oxide fuel cell: A comprehensive review of sol-gel, co-precipitation and combustion synthesis. Int J Nanoelectron Mater. 2024;17(3):363–79. https://doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v17i3.1113
27. Muñoz HJ, Korili SA, Gil A. Progress and recent strategies in the synthesis and catalytic applications of perovskites based on lanthanum and aluminum. Materials 2022;15(9):3288.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093288
28. Li Z, Sun Y, Ge S, Zhu F, Yin F, Gu L, et al. An overview of synthesis and structural regulation of magnetic nanomaterials prepared by chemical coprecipitation. Metals 2023;13(1):152.
https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010152
29. Sangian H, Mirzaee O, Tajally M. Reverse chemical co-precipitation: An effective method for synthesis of BiFeO3 nanoparticles. Adv Ceram Progress. 2017; 3(1):31–6. https://doi.org/10.30501/acp.2017.70043
30. Berchmans LJ, Sindhu R, Angappan S, Augustin CO. Effect of antimony substitution on structural and electrical properties of LaFeO3. J Mater Process Technol. 2008;207(1–3):301–6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.06.054
31. Shabbir G, Qureshi AH, Saeed K. Nano-crystalline LaFeO3 powders synthesized by the citrate–gel method. Mater Lett. 2006;60(29–30):3706–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.03.093
32. Thirumalairajan S, Girija K, Ganesh V, Mangalaraj D, Viswanathan C, Ponpandian N. Novel synthesis of LaFeO3 nanostructure dendrites: a systematic investigation of growth mechanism, properties, and biosensing for highly selective determination of neurotransmitter compounds. Cryst Growth Des. 2013;13(1):291–302. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg3014305
33. Machado P, Guzmán R, Morera RJ, Alcalà J, Palau A, Zhou W, et al. Chemical synthesis of La0. 75Sr0. 25CrO3 thin films for p-type transparent conducting electrodes. Chem Mater. 2023;35(9):3513–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03831
34. Komova O V, Mukha SA, Ozerova AM, Odegova G V, Simagina VI, Bulavchenko OA, et al. The formation of perovskite during the combustion of an energy-rich glycine–nitrate precursor. Materials 2020; 13(22):5091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225091
35. Nkwachukwu OV, Ndima GP, Arotiba OA. Synthesis route matters: Interrogating the structural, morphological, optical, surface, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties of lanthanum ferrite perovskite. Next Mater. 2025;8:100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.11.037
36. Song J, Zhu S, Ning D, Bouwmeester HJM. Defect chemistry and transport properties of perovskite-type oxides La1−xCaxFeO3−δ. J Mater Chem A. 2021; 9(2):974–89. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07508f
37. Lv N, Ma Y, Su L, Huang L. A-site doping enabled synergistic regulation of phase transition and electron spin state for improved performance of La0.6Ca0.4FeO3−δ cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells. Nano Res. 2026;19(1):94908200.
https://doi.org/10.26599/nr.2025.94908200
38. Luongo G, Bork AH, Abdala PM, Wu YH, Kountoupi E, Donat F, et al. Activation in the rate of oxygen release of Sr0.8Ca0.2FeO3−δ through removal of secondary surface species with thermal treatment in a CO2-free atmosphere. J Mater Chem A. 2023;11(12): 6530–42. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta09102j
39. Bazgir M, Alizadeh SM, Golmohammad M, Ashrafi MA. Optimized synthesis of RP-structured La₁.₈₅Ce₀.₁₅Ni₀.₉Cu₀.₁O₄ with enhanced ORR activity for SOFC air electrodes: A multi-approach study combining molecular dynamics, DFT, and experimental analysis. Mater Charact. 2025;226:115221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115221
40. Dumitru R, Negrea S, Ianculescu A, Păcurariu C, Vasile B, Surdu A, et al. Lanthanum ferrite ceramic powders: Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical detection application. Materials 2020;13(9):2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092061
41. Franke D, Trots D, Vasylechko L, Vashook V, Guth U. Synthesis and characterization of perovskite-type La1-yCayMn1-xBxO3±δ nanomaterials (B= Ni, Fe; x= 0.2, 0.5; y= 0.4, 0.25). Solid State Sci. 2018;76:118–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2018.01.001
42. Huang X, Wang X, Yang X, Deng P, Chen W, Hu X. Porous LaFeO3 perovskite catalysts synthesized by different methods and their high activities for CO oxidation. RSC Adv. 2022;12(52):33617–25. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05986j
43. Çoban Özkan D, Türk A, Celik E. Synthesis and characterizations of sol–gel derived LaFeO3 perovskite powders. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2020;31:22789–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04803-8
44. Irmak AE. Structural and electrical properties of Ca2+ doped LaFeO3: The effect of A-site cation size mismatch. Eng Technol Appl Sci Res. 2020;10(2). https://doi.org/10.1026/scires.2c011096
45. Sharma N, Bhardwaj K, Neelratan PP, Sharma SK. Physicochemical properties of rGO-LaFeO3 microspheres tailored by solvents and calcination temperature. Next Mater. 2025;9:100985.
https://doi.org/10.1034/mater2025.024
46. Ismael M, Wark M. Perovskite-type LaFeO3: photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation. Catalysts 2019;9(4):342.
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9040342
47. Endla P. Exploring the enhanced mechanical, thermal and magnetic properties of pure and Al doped LaFeO3 nanoparticles. Appl Phys A 2025;131(8):618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08752-z
48. Jeerh G, Zou P, Zhang M, Tao S. Optimization of a perovskite oxide-based cathode catalyst layer on performance of direct ammonia fuel cells. ACS Appl Mater Interface 2022;15(1):1029–41.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c17253
49. Berger C, Bucher E, Gspan C, Sitte W. Crystal structure, oxygen nonstoichiometry, and mass and charge transport properties of the Sr-free SOFC/SOEC air electrode material La0.75Ca0.25FeO3-δ. J Solid State Chem. 2019;273:92–100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2019.02.032
50. Maou A, Gouitaa N, Ahjyaje FZ, Lamcharfi TD, Abdi F, Kandri NI. Impact of sintering temperature on the structural, morphological, and dielectric properties of (1-x) LaFeO3–xBaTiO3 (x=0.49). Chem Rec. 2025;11(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.2025001
51. Zhou X, Ying X, Lu X. Phase transformations of perovskite La0.64 (Ba1−x Cax)0.36 FeO3−δ investigated by mechanical spectroscopy. Physica status solidi. 2023;260(7):2300135. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.202200515
52. Zhou X, Li M, Yang W, Hu H, Li J, Lu Y, et al. Efficient and stable symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell via A-site non-stoichiometry. Electrochim Acta. 2022;425:140697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140697
53. dos Santos-Gómez L, Zamudio-García J, Caizán-Juanarena L, Porras-Vázquez JM, Marrero-López D. Design and optimization of self-assembled nanocomposite electrodes for SOFCs. J Power Sources 2024;613:234866.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234866
54. Mansur S, Baharuddin NA, Wan Yusoff WNA, Abd Aziz AJ, Somalu MR. Effect of calcination temperature on the structural and electrochemical behaviour of Li-based cathode for intermediate-temperature SOFC application. Processes 2023;11(7):2139. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072139
55. Khosrozadeh M, Mabhouti Kh, Norouzzadeh P, Naderali R. Complex impedance spectroscopy, dielectric response, and magnetic properties of the La0.7Sr0.3BO3 (B = Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni) perovskite oxides. Ceram Int. 2024;50:315–28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.10.105
56. Verma SK, Deb MK. Nondestructive and rapid determination of nitrate in soil, dry deposits and aerosol samples using KBr-matrix with diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Anal Chim Acta. 2007;582(2):382–9. https://doi.org/10.1031/chemacta2s0162007
57. Khalifa M, El Sayed AM, Kassem SM, Tarek E. Synthesis, structural, optical, and thermal properties of LaFeO3/Poly (methyl methacrylate)/Poly (vinyl acetate) nanocomposites for radiation shielding. Sci Rep.2024;14(1):3672. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54207-5
58. Andoulsi R, Horchani-Naifer K, Férid M. Structural and electrical properties of calcium substituted lanthanum ferrite powders. Powder Technol. 2012; 230:183–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.07.026
59. Samreen A, Ali MS, Huzaifa M, Ali N, Hassan B, Ullah F, et al. Advancements in perovskite‐based cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells: a comprehensive review. Chem Rec. 2024;24(1): 202300247. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202300247
60. Zhao J, Liu H, Li X. Structure, property, and performance of catalyst layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochem Energy Rev. 2023; 6(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-022-00175-1
61. Benatia A, Gouitaa N, Lamcharfi T dine, Abdi F, Haddad M. Effect of calcination temperature and duration on structural and dielectric properties of CaFeO3-δ. Arabian J Chem. 2024;17(1):105407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105407
62. Kim S, Jun A, Kwon O, Kim J, Yoo S, Jeong HY, et al. Nanostructured double perovskite cathode with low sintering temperature for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Chem Sus Chem. 2015;8(18): 31538. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201500509
63. Timurkutluk B, Ciflik Y, Sonugur G, Altan T, Genc O. Quantitative estimation of triple phase boundaries in solid oxide fuel cell electrodes via artificial neural network. Fuel 2024;357:129687.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129687
64. Kucharczyk B, Okal J, Tylus W, Winiarski J, Szczygieł B. The effect of the calcination temperature of LaFeO3 precursors on the properties and catalytic activity of perovskite in methane oxidation. Ceram Int. 2019;45(2):2779–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.07.299
65. Kucharczyk B, Winiarski J, Szczygieł I, Adamska K. Physicochemical properties of LaFeO3 perovskite prepared by various methods and its activity in the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2020;59(38):16603–13. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03035
66. Kashyap SJ, Sankannavar R, Madhu GM. Insights on the various structural, optical and dielectric characteristics of La1−xCaxFeO3 perovskite-type oxides synthesized through solution-combustion technique. Appl Phys A 2022;128(6):518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05628-4
67. Sun C, Hui R, Roller J. Cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells: a review. J Solid State Electrochem. 2010;14(7):1125–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-009-0932-0
68. Kashyap SJ, Sankannavar R, Madhu GM. Insights on the various structural, optical and dielectric characteristics of La1−xCaxFeO3 perovskite-type oxides synthesized through solution-combustion technique. Appl Phys A 2022;128(6):518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05628-4
69. Li J, Mushtaq N, Yousaf Shah MAK, Lu Y, Yan S. Supercilious enhancement in oxygen-reduction catalytic functionalities of cubic perovskite structured LaFeO3 by Co-doping of Gd and Ce for LT-SOFCs. Crystals 2023;13(2):242.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020242
70. Yu Z, Zhang X, Lü Z, Li H. Boosting the electrochemical performance of cobalt-free Fe-based cathodes by calcium-doping for solid oxide fuel cells. J Alloys Compd. 2024;980:173646.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.173646
71. Cheng J, Zong M, Chen Y, Wu Z. Perovskite-like Ruddlesden-popper phases Nd2-xPrxNiO4+δ as an improved cathode for solid oxide fuel cells. Chem Phys Lett. 2025;877:142219.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2025.142219
72. Torrigino F, Grimm F, Karl J, Herkendell K. In-situ electrochemical impedance analysis of a commercial SOFC stack fueled by real wood gas. Heliyon 2024; 10(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32509
73. Kim N, Park J, Cho Y, Yoo CY. Comprehensive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of flow-electrode capacitive deionization cells. Environ Sci Technol. 2023;57(23):8808–17.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01619
74. Chen W, Sun C. Recent advances in high temperature solid oxide electrolytic cells. Energy Mater. 2025; 5(5). https://doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.144
75. Mohammad Alizadeh S, Mirkazemi SM, Mohebbi H. Prolonged flash sintering and its effects on defect chemistry, phase transformation and ionic conductivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia. Appl Phys A 2022;128(9):804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05967-2
76. Charalampakis M, Zouridi L, Garagounis I, Vourros A, Marnellos GE, Binas V. Inkjet-printed LSM-YSZ thin films for enhanced oxygen electrodes in solid oxide fuel cells. Energ Fuel. 2024;38(15):14621–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c00673
77. Bouleau L, Coton N, Coquoz P, Ihringer R, Billard A, Briois P. GDC buffer layer synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering: Effect of total pressure and thickness on SOFC performances. Crystals 2020; 10(9):759. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090759
 

تحت نظارت وف بومی