مواد پیشرفته در مهندسی

مواد پیشرفته در مهندسی

تأثیر افزودن اکسید منگنز بر تف‌جوشی، ریزساختار، خواص مکانیکی و مقاومت به هیدراته‌شدن دیرگداز دولومیتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
گروه مهندسی مواد، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه میبد، میبد، ایران
چکیده
مقدمه و اهداف: دیرگدازهای دولومیتی به‌رغم سازگاری مطلوب با سرباره‌های قلیایی، به‌دلیل حساسیت به هیدراته‌شدن و آسیب‌پذیری در برابر شوک حرارتی، با محدودیت‌هایی در کاربرد مواجه‌اند. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی اثر افزودن اکسید منگنز (MnO₂) بر تف‌جوشی، تکامل ریزساختار، خواص عملکردی دیرگداز دولومیتی و تعیین محدوده بهینه افزودنی است.
مواد و روش‌ها: نمونه‌های حاوی 0، 0/5، 1، 1/5، 2 و MnO₂ 2/5 wt. % پس از شکل‌دهی تحت فشار 160 MPa، در دمای 1750 °C تف‌جوشی شدند. چگالی، تخلخل ظاهری، استحکام فشاری سرد، مقاومت به شوک حرارتی و مقاومت به هیدراته‌شدن اندازه‌گیری شد. تغییرات فازی و ریزساختاری نیز به‌ترتیب با استفاده از پراش پرتو ایکس و میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی بررسی گردید.
یافته‌ها: با افزایش MnO₂، چگالی از 3/11 به 3/21 gr/cm3 افزایش و تخلخل ظاهری از 7/1 به 4/2 درصد کاهش یافت. استحکام فشاری سرد از 47/3 به 58/8 MPa افزایش یافت و در ۲ wt. % به بیشینه رسید. نسبت مقاومت خمشی باقیمانده پس از سه چرخه شوک حرارتی در 1/5 به 47/59 wt. % درصد افزایش یافت. همچنین، افزایش جرم پس از ۱۰ روز هیدراته‌شدن از 3/37 به 2/19 درصد کاهش یافت. بررسی ریزساختاری، متراکم‌تر‌شدن ساختار، کاهش حفرات و توسعه گردنه‌های تف‌جوشی را در حضور MnO₂ نشان داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: افزودن کنترل‌شده MnO₂ با بهبود تف‌جوشی و تکامل ریزساختار، عملکرد دیرگداز دولومیتی را ارتقا داد؛ بااین‌حال، مقدار بهینه افزودنی برای خواص مختلف یکسان نبود. این یافته، وجود یک تعادل میان متراکم‌شدن و پایداری در برابر شوک حرارتی را نشان می‌دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The Effect of Addition of Manganese Oxide on the Sintering Behavior, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Hydration Resistance of Doloma Refractories

نویسنده English

Akbar Davoodi
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran
چکیده English

Introduction and Objectives: Despite their favorable compatibility with basic slags, doloma refractories face application limitations because of their susceptibility to hydration and vulnerability to thermal shock. This study aimed to investigate the effect of addition of manganese oxide (MnO2) on the sintering, microstructural evolution, and functional properties of doloma refractories and to determine the optimum additive range.
Materials and Methods: Samples containing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 wt. % MnO₂ were shaped under a pressure of 160 MPa and sintered at 1750 °C. Density, apparent porosity, cold compressive strength, thermal shock resistance, and hydration resistance were evaluated. Phase and microstructural changes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively.
Results: Bulk density increased from 3.11 to 3.21 g/cm³, while apparent porosity decreased from 7.1 % to 4.2 % with increasing MnO₂ content. Cold compressive strength increased from 47.3 to 58.8 MPa, reaching its maximum at 2 wt. % MnO2. The residual flexural strength ratio after three thermal shock cycles increased to 47.59 % at 1.5 wt. % MnO2. In addition, the mass gain after 10 days of hydration decreased from 3.37 % to 2.19 %. Microstructural observations revealed increased densification, reduced pore content, and enhanced development of sintering necks in the presence of MnO2.
Conclusion: Controlled addition of MnO₂ improved the performance of doloma refractories through enhanced sintering and microstructural evolution. However, the optimum content of additive differed among the evaluated properties, indicating a balance between densification and thermal shock stability.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Doloma refractory
Manganese oxide
Sintering
Microstructural evolution
Hydration resistance
Thermal shock resistance
Cold compressive strength
1. Davoodi A, Ghasemi S, Barati M. Investigation of the properties and microstructure of direct bonded dolomite refractory with fe2o3-cr2o3 nanoparticles: a comparative study. Int J Iron Steel Soc Iran 2024;20(2):1–9. https://doi.org/10.22034/IJISSI.2024.2004464.1266
2. Lin W, Zhou F, Luo W, Song T, Li H. Alkali-activated dolomite and its outstanding mechanical strength. Mater Lett. 2020;270:127682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127682
3. Nag M, Nag B, Agarwal T, Panigrahi P, Singh B. Evaluation of suitable refractory for slag dumping area of steel ladle metal zone application for calcium treated aluminium killed steel. Eng Fail Anal. 2020;109:104272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.104272
4. Cai WK, Liu JH, Zhou CH, Keeling J, Glasmacher UA. Structure, genesis and resources efficiency of dolomite: New insights and remaining enigmas. Chem Geol. 2021;573:120191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120191
5. Dehsheikh HG, Ghasemi-Kahrizsangi S, Karamian E, Shahmohammadian F. Hydration resistance improvement of doloma particles using different nanoparticles. Ceram Int. 2019;45(6):7390–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.01.025
6. Niesyt M, Psiuk B. Fused dolomite-magnesia co-clinker for fired dolomite refractories. Ceram Int. 2017;43(1):51–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.150
7. Wei J, Han B, Wang X, Chen J, Wei Y, Yan W, et al. Improvement in hydration resistance of CaO granules based on CaO–TiO2, CaO–ZrO2 and CaO–V2O5 systems. Mater Chem Phys. 2020;254:123413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123413
8. Zou Y, Chen D, Cao J, Xiao Q, Huang A, Gu H, et al. The high-efficiency dephosphorization mechanism of steel by a novel porous MgO–CaO based refractories. Ceram Int. 2024;50(18):34264-09. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.06.245
9. Li C, Liu G, Jia D, Li W, Yang X, Liu H, et al. Synergistic effects of calcination temperature and curing conditions on the hydration and chemical shrinkage of dolomite powder waste pastes. J Build Eng. 2025;111:113353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113353
10. Ghasemi-Kahrizsangi S, Nemati A, Shahraki A, Farooghi M. Densification and properties of Fe2O3 nanoparticles added CaO refractories. Ceram Int. 2016;42(10):12270–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.173
11. Liu Z, Cheng K, Qiu W, Zhang R, Pan S, Gao Y, et al. Comprehensive review of the corrosion behavior of magnesia–based refractories by molten steel slag. J Ind Eng Chem. 2025;145:123–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2024.10.075
12. Dong Y, Wang Z, Liu H, Ma Y, Deng C, Xia Z, et al. Mechanical enhancement of MgO-CaO ceramics through transition interface design: molecular dynamics simulations and experimental validation. Acta Mater. 2025;296:121233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121233
13. Luo J, Li R, Li W, Zhou S, Xu Z, Liu B, et al. Superhydrophobicity and in situ barrier: a dual-functional coating for hydration-resistant MgO-CaO refractories. Ceram Int. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.01.006
14. Meng K, Wu X, Wang L, Jiang J, Zheng L, Ma Q, et al. Preparation of self-assembled superhydrophobic coating on MgO–CaO clinker aggregates. Mater Chem Phys. 2026;360:13261.4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.01.006
15. Díaz-Tato L, López-Perales J, Contreras JE, Banda-Muñoz F, Suárez-Suárez D, González-Carranza Y, et al. Hydration resistance and mechano-physical properties improvement of a magnesia-dolomite dense refractory by hercynite spinel. Mater Chem Phys. 2022;287:126314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126314
16. Mohammadihooyeh M, Karamian E, Emadi R. The impact of MgAl2O4 nano-particles on the hydration-resistance improvement of dolomite-based refractories. Ceram Int. 2019;45(16):20674–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.050
17. Wang X, Zhang L, Li H, Lei H, Wang J, Zhang H, et al. Low-cost facile fabrication of superhydrophobic dual C/CNT–CaCO3 coated sintered doloma using waste oil. J Environ Chem Eng. 2026:14(3):123099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2026.123099
18. Li H, Zhang L, Huang Z, Zhang S, Zhang H. Facile preparation of superhydrophobic carbon nanotube coated MgO-CaO grains via densified micro-zone deposition for high-performance MgO-CaO-C refractories. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2025;45(16):117649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117649
19. Shahraki A, Khachatourian AM, Nemati A. Effect of carbon nanofibers fabricated from electrospun PAN precursors on the characteristics and densification of MgO–CaO ceramic systems. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2024;44(14):116698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2024.116698
20. Shahraki A, Khachatourian AM, Nemati A, Rezaei B. Effect of alumina nanofibers addition on the MgO-CaO compounds characteristics. Mater Sci Eng B 2026;324:119032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2025.119032
21. Yi N, Ma Y, Wang Z, Liu H, Wang X, Dong Y, et al. Microstructural regulation and properties enhancement of MgO–CaO ceramics by doping Y2O3. J Rare Earths. 2023;41(11):1771–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2022.09.016
22. Ghasemi KS, Nemati A, Shahraki A, Farooghi M. The effect of nano-additives on the hydration resistance of materials synthesized from the MgO-CaO system.  Int J Eng. 2016;29(4):539-45. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ije.2016.29.04a.13
23.  Xue‐liang Y, Liu L, Shen X, He ML, Xu L, Wang N, Chen M. Effect of MnO on sintering and microstructure of Al₂O₃-MgO-CaO refractories. In: Allanore A, Bartlett L, Wang C, Zhang L, Lee J, editors. EPD Congress 2016. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48111-1_14
24. Glasser FP, Osborn E. The ternary system MgO‐MnO‐SiO2. J Am Ceram Soc. 1960;43(3):132–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1960.tb14327.x
25. Yeprem H, Hübner H. Effect of Fe2O3 additions on sinterability of konya dolomite of turkey.    Key Eng Mater. 2004;264:1819–22. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.264-268.1819
26. Dehsheikh HG, Ghasemi-Kahrizsangi S. The influence of silica nanoparticles addition on the physical, mechanical, thermo-mechanical as well as microstructure of Mag-Dol refractory composites. Ceram Int. 2017;43(18):16780–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.073
27. Zaki M, Hasan M, Pasupulety L, Kumari K. Thermochemistry of manganese oxides in reactive gas atmospheres: probing redox compositions in the decomposition course MnO2→ MnO. Thermochim Acta 1997;303(2):171–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00258-X
28. Jones J, Cutler IB. Interdiffusion in the system MnxO‐MgO. J Am Ceram Soc. 1971;54(7):335–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1971.tb12308.x
29. Logsdail AJ, Downing CA, Keal TW, Sherwood P, Sokol AA, Catlow CRA. Modelling the chemistry of Mn-doped MgO for bulk and (100) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2016;18(41):28648–60. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04622c
30. Yeprem HA. Effect of iron oxide addition on the hydration resistance and bulk density of doloma. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2007;27(2-3):1651–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.05.010
31. Mohammadihooyeh M, Karamian E, Emadi R. Effect of magnesium-aluminate spinel nano-particles on microstructure and properties behaviors of doloma-containing refractories. Ceram Int. 2020;46(2):1662–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.138
32. Martinez AT, Camerucci MA, Cavalieri AL, Martorello L, Galliano PG. Sintering behavior of periclase–doloma refractory mixes. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2009;29(4):581–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.06.032
33. Shahraki A, Keshavarz M, Khachatourian AM, Nemati A, Rezaei B. Investigation of hydration, corrosion, and thermal shock resistance of MgO–CaO ceramic composites reinforced with electrospun carbon nanofibers. Mater Res Bull. 2025:113752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2025.113752
 
 

تحت نظارت وف بومی